LCA measures a product's total environmental impact from raw material extraction through to end of life. LCI (Life Cycle Inventory): catalogues all emissions and resource inputs across every lifecycle stage. LCIA (Life Cycle Impact Assessment): converts the inventory into impact categories (climate change, acidification, eutrophication, water depletion, human toxicity, etc.). Value: prevents sub-optimisation, provides a verified evidence base for green claims, identifies where highest-impact improvements are. Limitations: methodologically heavy and time-consuming; results difficult for non-experts; may not include all impacts (biodiversity, light pollution); may focus on marginal improvements rather than radical innovation.

Responsible Marketing - ESSEC

Biological materials: MAKE → CONSUME → COMPOST → ENRICH → (cycle repeats)
Technical materials: MAKE → USE → RETURN → (cycle repeats)

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